Multiple sclerosis affects and severely damages the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). It is a long-lasting disease which can cause problems with vision, muscle control, balance, and other basic bodily functions. The symptoms, duration, and severity vary from person to person. Some people are lucky to be symptom-free for most of their lives while others suffer from severe chronic symptoms that never go away. The symptoms also vary depending on the amount of nerve damage and which nerves are affected.

Multiple sclerosis occurs when the immune system attacks a fatty material (myelin), which wraps around the nerve fibers to protect them. The nerves become damaged and scar tissues are formed. Because of the damage, the brain is unable to send correct signals to the body. The common symptoms of this condition are:

• Difficulties in walking
• Tiredness
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Numbness and tingling
• Muscle weakness
• Pain
• Poor control over bladder/bowel movements
• Sexual problems
• Depression
• Poor memory/difficulties with concentration

Other than the common symptoms mentioned above, there could be some other symptoms which are less significant but could actually be signs of multiple sclerosis. If such symptoms are persistent, it is advisable to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis. These symptoms are:

• Speech issues
• Respiratory issues
• Difficulty in swallowing
• Seizures
• Headaches
• Tremors
• Itching
• Hearing loss

The symptoms are usually a direct result of damage to the myelin and nerve fibers in the central nervous system. On the other hand, secondary symptoms arise due to complications associated with the primary symptoms. Some secondary symptoms of multiple sclerosis are:

• Repeated bladder dysfunction causes urinary tract infections
• Loss of muscle tone and weakness due to inactivity
• Poor control over the trunk and postural alignment
• Increased risk of fractures caused by a decrease in bone density
• Inefficient and shallow breathing
• Pressure sores due to immobility

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis usually start between the age of 20 to 40 years. Also, most people with this condition suffer from relapses where the condition gets noticeably worse. Usually, it is followed by times of recovery when the symptoms improve. But for some people, the symptoms only continue to worsen over time. A viral infection, like the Epstein-Barr or the human herpesvirus 6, could be the cause of multiple sclerosis in some people. Such viral infections affect the body’s regular functioning and could trigger the disease or cause a relapse.

Multiple sclerosis alters a patient’s social life and relationships. It may cause people to withdraw from social interactions and become isolated.

In recent years, scientists have found new treatments to help prevent relapses and slow down the progression of the disease. Studies have established a link between viruses and multiple sclerosis, but a clear answer has not been found yet regarding the cause of this condition. Stem cell and genetic research may soon help doctors repair damaged nerves or stop the disease before it causes irreversible damage.